Where Asbestos Was Used in Construction Before the Ban

Asbestos, once hailed as a miracle material for its durability and heat resistance, was widely used in construction until its dangers became known. Prior to the UK ban in 1999, asbestos was a common component in a vast range of building materials and systems. Its versatility meant it found its way into almost every part of a structure, from roofing to drainage. Here, we explore the many places asbestos was used in construction, shedding light on why awareness and management remain critical today.

1. Roofing Materials

Asbestos was a key ingredient in many roofing products due to its strength and weather resistance. Corrugated asbestos cement sheets were commonly used for industrial and agricultural buildings, while asbestos shingles were popular in residential properties. Bitumen-based roofing felt often contained asbestos to improve its durability and waterproofing properties. These materials were affordable, lightweight, and could withstand extreme temperatures, making them a go-to choice for builders.

2. Insulation

One of asbestos’s most infamous uses was in insulation. It was often used to insulate pipes, boilers, and heating systems, particularly in commercial and industrial buildings. Spray-on asbestos insulation was another common application, used on ceilings, walls, and structural beams to prevent fire spread. Its heat resistance made it invaluable in power stations, factories, and ships, but this also made it one of the most hazardous asbestos applications when disturbed.

3. Flooring Materials

Asbestos was added to flooring products to improve strength and fire resistance. Vinyl floor tiles, linoleum, and adhesives often contained asbestos fibres. These materials were widely used in homes, schools, and offices. When intact, they posed minimal risk, but cutting, sanding, or removing them could release harmful fibres into the air.

4. Ceiling Tiles and Textured Coatings

Many older buildings feature ceiling tiles or textured coatings, such as Artex, that contain asbestos. These materials were favoured for their aesthetic appeal and fireproofing properties. Textured coatings were often applied to walls and ceilings in residential properties throughout the 20th century. Though relatively safe when undisturbed, they present significant risks during renovations or demolition.

5. Wall Panels and Partitions

Asbestos cement sheets were frequently used for internal and external walls, as well as partitions. These panels provided excellent fire resistance and soundproofing, making them a popular choice in public buildings, hospitals, and schools. They were also used as cladding for external walls, offering weather protection and durability.

6. Drainage Systems

Asbestos-cement pipes were a staple in drainage and water systems due to their strength, corrosion resistance, and low cost. They were commonly used for sewer pipes, stormwater drains, and even drinking water mains. While the asbestos in these pipes is less likely to pose a hazard when intact underground, any cutting or drilling can release fibres, creating risks for drainage repair workers and the environment.

7. Fire Doors and Fireproofing

Asbestos’s fire-resistant properties made it a key component in fire doors and fireproofing materials. These doors often contained asbestos cores to prevent the spread of flames. Similarly, asbestos boards and sprays were used to protect structural steel from fire damage. These applications were common in high-rise buildings, schools, and hospitals.

8. Electrical Systems

Asbestos was used extensively in electrical systems, particularly for insulating wiring, fuse boxes, and switchgear. It was often woven into fabric for heatproof wiring or used in the form of asbestos boards to prevent electrical fires. This made it indispensable in older commercial and residential buildings, though these systems now require careful handling during upgrades or repairs.

9. Cement and Concrete Products

Asbestos-cement was one of the most versatile building materials of the 20th century. It was used in everything from roofing sheets to drainpipes and water tanks. Asbestos-reinforced concrete was also employed for structural components like beams and columns. Its durability and resistance to chemicals made it a preferred choice for industrial facilities and agricultural buildings.

10. Adhesives, Sealants, and Joint Compounds

Many adhesives, sealants, and joint compounds used in construction contained asbestos. These materials were often applied in flooring, tiling, and drywall installations. Asbestos was added to improve strength and fire resistance, but disturbing these materials during renovations can release harmful fibres.

11. Boilers and Heating Systems

Asbestos was widely used in boilers and heating systems, often in the form of lagging around pipes and tanks. It was also incorporated into gaskets and seals to handle high-pressure steam and heat. These materials were essential in factories, schools, and older residential properties but pose serious risks when maintenance or removal is required.

12. Decorative Features

Surprisingly, asbestos was even used in decorative elements. Fireplace surrounds, mouldings, and other ornamental features often contained asbestos to improve durability and fire resistance. These features can still be found in some older homes and require careful assessment during renovations.

The Legacy of Asbestos in Construction

Despite its widespread use, asbestos’s dangers are now well-documented. When fibres are inhaled, they can cause serious health issues, including asbestosis, lung cancer, and mesothelioma. Though the UK banned asbestos in 1999, many older buildings still contain asbestos materials, making it crucial to identify and manage these hazards during renovations, demolitions, or maintenance work.

Professional asbestos surveys are essential for anyone working on older properties. Identifying and safely handling asbestos ensures compliance with regulations and protects workers and residents from harm. By understanding where asbestos was used and taking appropriate precautions, we can continue to manage its legacy while minimising risks.

Asbestos’s history in construction is a sobering reminder of the need for caution when working with older buildings. While it once solved many engineering challenges, its hidden dangers have left a lasting impact that must be addressed with care and expertise.